Tra i fatti storici molto importanti e documentati di cui non si vuole che si parli, c'è la vergognosa storia di alcuni Papi, che hanno fatto cose che vanno oltre qualsiasi immaginazione.
Quello The following is an excerpt from a study of Marco Capurro.
If you examine the list of 880 popes after you discover the following: In the following 150 years were succeeded by 35 popes, monarchs about four years each. Even in earlier times there, more or less the same pace and is explained by the fact that the popes were usually chosen because they are elderly and / or infirm. But in the ninth and tenth centuries many popes were elected in their thirties, many were in their twenties. Some of them lasted two weeks, one month or three months. Six of them were overthrown and murdered a good number. It is almost impossible to determine precisely the actual number of popes or anti-popes, because they were not clear about the mechanisms "legal" in the appointment or choice.
When a pope disappeared no one could be sure what had happened. It could have happened anywhere and could be his everything: murder, in a brothel, beaten and maimed as Stephen VIII (left), which in 930 ears and nose cut off, and that did not show his face in public. It could have absconded with the entire treasury of St. Peter, Benedict V (below) in 964, fled to Constantinople after a dishonored girl and reappeared, after having squandered all, some years after causing further riots. 
historian Gerbert called Benedict then "the most unfair of all the monsters of wickedness, but his opinion was at least premature, because, soon after, the Pope was slain, probably by a jealous husband. His body, stabbed dozens of times, was dragged along the streets before being dumped in a sewer.
A Pope Stephen VI, was completely crazy. Esumi a predecessor course, Papa Formoso (891-6), well over nine months after death and in what was called the "Synod corpses dressed the rotten and stinking corpse in Formoso papal clothing, placed it on the throne and asked him personally (imm.sotto). The accusation was that he had become pope without having the right, to be precise, as he was bishop of another location could not have been elected in Rome. According to Stephen it had invalidated all his acts by the pope and therefore also the canonical order.
Found guilty the corpse was condemned as "anti-pope", was robbed, suffered the amputation of two fingers (the ones with which it gave its blessing false) and thrown into the Tiber. The carcass was later recovered by some fans and / or followers who gave him a quiet burial. Long after the corpse was returned to its tomb in St Peter's. The Mad Stefano died strangled, but not good by whom.
The Popes were murdered and killed, crippled and were mangled. They led lives that had nothing in common, at least from what we are taught now, with the Old and New Testament. Seem to have been more of a particular species of hooligans.
Just at this Marozia lives and works of Theophylact, the daughter of Theodora, the mistress of Pope John X (914-929, left), with whom he also had a 'other daughter. These two women (Marozia and Theodora) in meno di dieci anni crearono e distrussero a piacere almeno otto papi.
Gibbons suggerisce che da loro sia nata la leggenda della Papessa Giovanna, nella quale si credette per secoli, fino alla Riforma, e che racconta come essa sia morta in completo abito pontificale, dando alla luce un figlio, sulla strada che va dal Colosseo alla chiesa di San Clemente.
Voci popolari sostenevano che la sedia papale con un buco sul sedile servisse per permettere un esame ginecologico al fine di impedire che un'altra papessa salisse sul trono papale. I controlli erano accompagnati da preghiere latine. Di fatto questi rituali risultano integralmente descritti i diversi documenti medioevali.
Besides, it was not necessary to be a priest or cardinal to become pope. Adrian V, a good pope, had never been ordained bishop or priest.
But back to Marozia, probable origin of the legend of Pope Joan. His entry into history is joining with Sergius III (904-11), who had made out to be Leo V (pope for a month) and his usurper, Cardinal Christopher.
Sergius III (left) began his career as papal pope Formoso resurrecting himself, then died just ten years, and convicted of heresy, as the aforementioned Stephen VI.
The difference was Sergio was directly "ordered" by Pope Formosa and, to a sense of logic, he should consider himself highly irregular. He, too, to take away the fingers Formoso and he threw it into the Tiber, after having beheaded for good measure. But Formoso had to have the special quality even in death, because his headless corpse was found by a fisherman in the network and once again (the first of two) reported in S. Pietro.
Marozia When Sergio became the woman was 15 and he was 45. He had a son whose career he devoted himself with passion. Beautiful daughter of a senator of Rome, was seduced by the Pope in the Lateran palace. His Theodora's mother, had already had a hand in some of papal appointments, bringing his lover, ORIGINATING bishop of Bologna, the Archbishop of Ravenna, then to the papacy under the name of John X. Marozia was then 22 years and his son, Sergio's son, was too young to have aspirations. Pope John convinced prudently Marozia to marry the Count Alberic, who later was killed in an attempt to seize power. The Pope then Marozia forced to take care of the mutilated corpse of her husband, but Marozia (that revenge had to know almost everything), at the time of the death of his mother Theodora (928), he did strangle or suffocate the pontiff, levandoselo feet.
After two popes puppets, that lasted just long wanted by Marozia, it elevated to the papacy with his son the name of John XI.
Have a Pope's son was a real fortune for Marozia, because he had received the necessary dispensation to marry his half-brother, Hugh of Provence, after having made a legal kill his wife. ll marriage was celebrated with great pomp and personally by the Pope (and son) in the spring of 932.
Then everything went bad. The second son of Marozia, Alberico II, the young, with a coup seized power in Rome, deposed and imprisoned her half-brother, Pope John XI, until his death, and, even more unpleasant, Security also imprisoned for his mother in terrible danger Mausoleum of Hadrian (who later became the famous Castel Sant'Angelo).
prisoner in his sixties and in 955, Marozia learned that his great-nephew Octavian, son of his son Alberic (d. 954 / 5), had become pope under the name of John XII (left) in the winter of 955, inaugurating the fashion to change the name at the time of his election as pope.
John XII, who became pope in about sixteen years old, was a pope so terrifying that it was said around him had invented sins previously unknown, including going to bed with her mother and sisters.
kept a harem in the Lateran palace perennial. They played the offerings of the pilgrims and had a stable of two thousand horses that had to almonds and figs in spiced wine.
Tourism (then a source of great gains and formed mainly by pilgrims) suffered a steep fall and even the women were carefully warned not to approach the pope, who was always dressed up and looking for fresh meat. In other words sparked such a mess that, fearing for his life was forced to take refuge in Tivoli.
advised of the matter Otto of Saxony (crowned emperor in 961), concerned about the business empire, ordered the young man to return immediately to Rome to do his duty.
The bishop of Cremona, in specially convened a synod, he left us a clear statement of the charges to the pope, the pope said Mass without communion; ordered the deacons in the stables, he charged religious appointments (Simon) had sex with a long list of ladies, including the mistress of his father and nephew had blinded his spiritual adviser and castrated a cardinal, causing death.
Otto wrote a letter to the Pope represents, for the time, a real curiosity: "Everyone, religious and laity, accuses you, Holiness, di omicidio, spergiuro, sacrilegio, incesto con le vostre parenti, comprese due vostre sorelle, e di aver invocato, come un pagano, Giove, Venere ed altri demoni".
Giovanni rispose dettando una lettera (non aveva grande familiarità con le lettere) nella quale avvisava i vescovi che, se loro lo spodestavano, li avrebbe scomunicati tutti, impedendo loro di impartire sacramenti, etc.etc., poi saltò a cavallo e se ne andò a caccia.
Ritornato Otto in Sassonia (si era stufato di attendere i comodi del pontefice, peraltro sino ad allora stabilmente richiuso a Tivoli), Papa Giovanni rientrò, con un armata fornitagli dai parenti, in Roma e si riprese il pontificato. In Rome, immediately proceeded to maim or kill all who had contributed to his brief exile.
He died just 24 years, killed by a jealous husband who had caught in the act with his wife ("in flagrante delicto"). The Romans, always witty, said that at least he was lucky to die in a bed, even if it was the bed of someone else.
Bellarmine (Cardinal) said to him "proud Fuerit deterrimus omnium" (the worst of all (the popes)).
With the monstrous John XII out of play, the Romans chose as his successor Benedict V (at that time were the people and clergy make the right choice of the pope).
Otto (Otto of Germany), however s'incazzò much. "No one can be pope without the consent of the emperor," he said "this is how it always was."
His choice fell on that Leo VIII.
Cardinal Baronius, in his history of the Church, says that the real pope was Benedict and Leo was nothing but an antipope, but what is certain is that Benedict fell to his knees by Leo, tearing off the insignia of the papacy and perjury that Leone was the true successor of Peter.
It is unclear whether a genuine claim of a pope declaring that he is not the pope constitutes an exercise of infallibility, but things were certainly very confusing from the point of view of religious truth.
deaths and Benedict is Leo, Otto (Otto) put on the papal throne John XIII (left). The choice did not seem to be very good, because the Romans made him pack his bags in a jiffy. Brass, pissed off again, brought it back, accompanied by the army, in Rome, but only to realize that the Romans were not entirely wrong.
The new pope was monstrous cruelty. As told by Liutprando was to snatch away the eyes of his opponents and go to the sword anyone who looked wrong (remember the death penalty in 965 of 24 "rebels" who opposed the Romans).
A followed John XIII Benedict VII, who died too soon at the hands of a jealous husband.
sincere in chronicles of Cardinal Baronius are noticed frequent traces of embarrassment for this period. Referring to these popes calls them "non apostolicos apostaticos sed" and still "sit on the bench of Peter but not men show the appearance of men ..... boastful Messaline full of carnal desires and experienced in all forms of horror govern Rome Scanno prostitutes and the St. Peter's for their encouraged or their whores. "
view of the future will determine the First Vatican Council, his conclusions are surprising:" The main lesson of these times is that the Church can go on very well without the popes. What is vital for the Church is not the pope, but Jesus Christ. Jesus is the head of the Church and the pope. "If he had sustained a few centuries later, Baronius was condemned for heresy.
Today the pope is the head of the Church on earth, the Vicar of Christ and him rests the whole apparatus, but at that time both Baronius and the Romans would laugh at this interpretation. The only question to them was curiosity was not "How can the Pope to save the Church?" but "How can the Pope to save his soul?".
Marozia In all that time in prison had been closed as well, in 986 Pope Gregory V, twenty-five, and his cousin, Emperor Otto III, fifteen, decided that the poor woman had had enough. They sent a bishop to exorcise them and they lifted the excommunication. He was acquitted of all his sins, and then regularly executed.
Fifty years later, in 1032, died John XIX, home of Tusculum. Count Alberic III paid a fortune to keep the place in the family and who better than his son Teofillatto could occupy it. His Holiness Pope Benedict IX (left) was eleven years old when, according to Raoul Glaber, monaco Cluny, became pope in 1032.
Even before the age of fourteen years had passed all of this pope's predecessors in quirks and follies.
The comments of contemporary observers speak of it as a demon or a monster of immorality.
often was forced to leave Rome in a hurry for fear of being killed. In 1033 an eclipse of the sun seemed reason enough to cast it out, but the emperor Conrad put it back on the bench. During a subsequent absence, in 1036, the Romans appointed papa Silvestro III, ma dopo cinquanta giorni il papa-bambino venne rimesso sul trono dalla sua famiglia, persuadendo Silvestro a levarsi dalle scatole.
Per amore di una donna Benedetto decise di abdicare, lasciando il papato al suo padrino Giovanni Graziano, arciprete di San Giovanni alle Porte completamente illetterato, in cambio di 700 chili d'oro, nel 1045.
Giovanni Graziano era ormai Gregorio VI quando Benedetto, ora chiamato solo Teofilatto di Tuscolo, mollato dall'amata, decise di riprendersi il papato. Così , con Silvestro ancora in giro, in quel momento c'erano tre pretendenti alla carica di papa: Silvestro in San Pietro, Benedetto sui colli Albani and Gregory Lateran.
intervened then Henry of Germany, convened a synod at Sutra. Sylvester tried his instructions was an impostor, who was sentenced to the secular state, and spend the rest of his life in a hermitage. Benedict had given up his job and had to be considered out of play, while Gregory VI went many thanks for having freed all of Sylvester and Frank, but, since the sin of simony to purchase the papacy, he had to resign.
So, wisely, in 1046 Gregory adapts to the desire of Henry (otherwise we would have left the skin) and, with a public confession of his sins, he abdicated the assignment Pope.
named Henry suffered a Pope Clement II, from which he suffered crowned Emperor and returned to Germany with Gregory VI, to prevent further break the bales in the future.
When Clement II died shortly afterwards, also with Gregory died in Germany, Benedict sought to take back the 'office', but Henry ordered Boniface to the Count of Tusculum to keep him in his place.
Damasus II, another successor appointed by Henry, died in a short time, perhaps poisoned by Benedict, but finally gave up any further claims, retiring in the monastery of Grotta Ferrata, where he died "In the grace of God."
So, overall, Benedict IX became pope three times: from 1032 to 1034 the first, in 1045 the second and the third from 1047 to 1048.
Not bad for a pope child.
The Roman Inquisition was instituted by Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) July 21, 1542. It was the first of the Sacred Congregations, composed of cardinals, one of which Gian Pietro Carafa, the future Pope Paul IV (left), in his capacity as "inquisitor general," the unhealthy idea was to equip, at its expense, a special building with all the tools of torture at that time constituted the largest developments in the field. "No man," he said, "can afford to tolerate heretics.".
Elected pope in 1555, the Carafa could give free rein to his own fanaticism: he hated the Jews and imprisoned them in ghettos, and burned them sodomites hated, hated women and forbade them to cross the threshold of the Vatican. Ranke says of him: "He held his life nell'inquisizione, in" autos-da-fe "in excommunication, imprisonment, etc.."
Already a cardinal had burned all the books that were not instituted by Pope and the Index of Forbidden Books. On the list ended works of Erasmus, Rabelais, Boccaccio, even Henry VIII, whose "Seven Sacraments" were liked very much to Leo X, in full consistory had argued they were a gift from heaven fell.
The order of Paul III "offenders and suspects (for offenses against orthodoxy and moral) should be imprisoned and tried until the final sentence (death)," passed to the Carafa without problems. The pope (Pope Paul III) was very quiet, though, with its various partners (I did not know what word to use, since one had married before entering the orders), its legitimate and illegitimate children and gifts to offices cardinals his nephews and grandchildren, perhaps he should be one of the objects of the investigation.
Protestants read with amusement the "Consilium" at the end of Pope Paul III, who practiced their own material as prohibited to the faithful.
The amazing thing is that Carafa, Paul IV, he found himself in the position of having to put to the 'Index' just the "Consilium" of his predecessor (who had drawn himself physically). Do not forget the fact that the same Paul IV (when it was still a cardinal) is attributed to the phrase "décipi populus vult, et decipiatur!", That "the people want to be deceived, and then inganniamolo!" Wherefore, the said by a future pope, seems emblematic of a significant dose contemptible contempt (even if for some is a witty practical assessment).
Another particularly humorous about the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, put on the Index "until it was cleaned up."
Cosimo de 'Medici, believing that it was one of the most beautiful works in Italian prose, asked the pope if you could do something to allow it to spread and reading. And the impossible happened. In 1573 a censored version was placed on the market. This version may well be regarded as one of the most extraordinary and recommended books "dirty" in history. The censor, Vincenzo Borghini, had a brilliant idea: instead of cut here and there, used the simple trick to replace any bishop or priest or monk who appeared in the Decameron, with a layman. The simple trick worked perfectly, but, of course, took little or no eroticism of the book.
For the Council of Trent (1564, I will speak later for other reasons) was prepared a new index, and so it went on for quite a while.
The effects of the Congregation of the Index, established in 1571, were devastating to the Catholic culture. Authors and publishers were afraid for their lives and their contributions to science and knowledge is not certain what might have been. Even in the field of theology and religious research, where the censors raged on the production and documentation of the theologians who preceded them.
India was placed all the great scientists and writers of our time and anyone who would put into question "immutability" of the Church and "infallibility" of the pontiff.
Only in 1966 Paul VI officially (unofficially still exists today) "abandoned" the 'index'.
The Roman Inquisition continued its operations without any problems. In 1814 Pius VII riintrodusse the Holy Inquisition for "blasphemy, immorality, disregard for the Church, non-participation the holiday, neglect of the true faith. "In 1829 everyone in the Papal States, held a book written by a heretic was to be treated as such (imprisoned, deprived of their property and killed).
Pius VII has the merit they have officially banned in 1816, the use of torture in the courts of the Inquisition (though it was used for about twenty years), but had banned the burning.
However, as late as 1856, Pius IX and allowed favored "excommunication, confiscation, invitations, life imprisonment and, in severe cases, death sentences imposed in secret." And until the end of 1870, the process continued in front of the "Holy See" with the stesse modalità: solo preti tra i giudici, mai confronti con i testimoni ( o controinterrogatori), mai avvocati difensori.
Il record dell'Inquisizione sarebbe imbarazzante per qualsiasi organizzazione, ma per la Chiesa cattolica lo è in maniera drammatica. Oggi, malgrado l'oggettiva posizione di estrema inciviltà e di assoluta intolleranza che fa parte del suo bagaglio, la Chiesa si pubblicizza come difensore della legge "naturale" e dei diritti dell'uomo. In particolare il papato vede se stesso come campione di morale (è del marzo 2000, la pubblicazione di una bozza di documento nel quale la Chiesa dovrebbe chiedere scusa (solo a Dio e senza assunzioni di altre responsabilità) per gli orrendi crimini commessi (da qualche mela marcia) nei secoli passati. Un documento di straordinaria e vergognosa ambiguità).
Quello che la storia irrefutabilmente dimostra è invece che per più di sei secoli, senza interruzioni, il papato è stato il campione dell'ingiustizia. Di circa ottanta papi, dal 13° secolo in poi, nessuno ha disapprovato impostazione teologica o inquisizione. Al contrario ognuno di loro ha aggiunto alla faccenda personali tocchi di crudeltà.
L'unica giustificazione all'"eresia" (questa sì, veramente eresia) dei papi sembra poter essere soltanto l'aver preferito di contraddire il Vangelo piuttosto che un predecessore "infallibile".
And pardon and absolution of the popes by many Catholic historians, based on the fact that heresy was a crime "civilian" does not seem reasonable to hold both the drastic changes in procedures for trial by the Church and condemnation of "civilized" and because, in the Papal States, the responsibility was direct and absolute. The extension of the concept of "heresy" to all the differences in religious practice and civil, the reintroduction of torture in the courts are full and absolute responsibility and it is very difficult papal stand this weight off.
The Catholic De Maistre argued, add hypocrisy to the horror, that the Church "has not directly killed anyone," as was common practice to entrust the condemned to the secular arm for execution. Immediately jumps to the eyes, the emptiness of the argument, when you try to apply it to the Jews, not killed anyone (let alone Jesus), but even they entrusted him to the secular arm (the Romans). For this fact, however, absolutely false, for centuries the Jews have paid a price that few other people were able to endure without disappearing into a legalized genocide.
Equally ridiculous are the excuses and justifications related to the "sitz im leben", so to speak, environmental and thunderstorms. Even at the time of Diocletian no one was tortured and killed "in the name of Jesus crucified."
In some places, like England, the Inquisition was considerably more bland, but only as a function of healthy disrespect for the Church and for the balance of the principle that "a person is innocent until he is declared guilty ". Over seven centuries, not a single bishop or bishop raised his voice of protest against the Inquisition. I can think only Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was opposed to Innocent III, claiming "The natural law requires bishops and princes in the same way, there is no escape from her. And 'even outside the range of the Pope ", and some heretical as Marsilio from Padua or Luther or Hubmaier.
The appeal (to justify) the standard of time is even more striking today, with the back of the Pope's attitude toward contraception, abortion, married priests, women priests, etc. .. As rightly said a theologian friend of mine: "Instead of protecting the life, health and human dignity, protect his holy sperm, which is not lost."
0 comments:
Post a Comment